Spanish novelist, poet, and critic who excelled in philosophical satire and the novel of ideas.

Pérez de Ayala studied law at Oviedo University and philosophy and literature at the University of Madrid. During World War I he covered France, Italy, England, South America, and the United States as a correspondent for the Buenos Aires periodical La prensa. He was Spanish ambassador to England (1931–36) and voluntarily exiled himself to South America because of the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). He was elected to the Spanish Academy in 1928.

After writing a volume of poetry, La paz del sendero (1903; “The Peace of the Path”), he produced a series of four largely autobiographical novels: Tinieblas en las cumbres (1907; “Darkness at the Top”), describing an adolescent's erotic awakening; AMDG (1910; i.e., the Jesuit motto “Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam,” or “To the Greater Glory of God”), a bitter satire about the author's unhappy education at a Jesuit school; La pata de la raposa (1912; The Fox's Paw); and Troteras y danzaderas (1913; “Trotters and Dancers”), a novel about literary and Bohemian life in Madrid.

Pérez de Ayala's later novels, which are considered his finest works, show a greater mastery of characterization and novelistic technique. Belarmino y Apolonio (1921; Belarmino and Apolonio) is a symbolic portrayal of the conflict between faith and doubt. Luna de miel, luna de hiel (1923; Moons of Honey and Gall) and its sequel, Los trabajos de Urbano y Simona (1923; “The Labours of Urbano and Simona”), treat the contrast between idealistic innocence and the realities of mature romantic love. In Tigre Juan (1926; Tiger Juan) and its sequel, El curandero de su honra (1926; “The 【Quack】 Healer of His Honour”), Pérez de Ayala continued to create characters of a universal nature and gave free expression to his delightful and wry humour. Pérez de Ayala also wrote short stories and essays.