city, southwestern Guatemala, 7,656 feet (2,334 metres) above sea level near the foot of the Santa María Volcano. The city's high elevation causes the temperature to drop below freezing in the dry season. It is near the site of the battle in which the Spanish and their Indian allies from Mexico decisively defeated the Quiché Maya in 1524. Before the conquest, Quetzaltenango had been the capital of a Quiché kingdom known as Xelajú, and in 1838 it became the capital of the independent state of Los Altos. Two years later Quetzaltenango was forced to integrate with the Republic of Guatemala. Coffee plantations in the area surrounding Quetzaltenango helped make the city prosperous in the late 19th century. Santa María Volcano, now dormant, nearly destroyed the city in 1902. Quetzaltenango is a centre for trade between the coast and the highlands and a processing centre with textile factories, mills, and breweries. The city has preserved much of its dignified Neoclassical architecture. There are several museums and cultural institutions in Quetzaltenango, and many of Guatemala's best-known scholars, writers, and musicians have lived there. It is linked to Guatemala City, 70 miles (110 km) to the east, by paved highway and by air. Pop. (2002) 120,496.