an old mountain range that extends for more than 3,000 km (1,860 miles) along the eastern margin of North America from Alabama in the southern United States to Newfoundland, Canada, in the north. The geosynclinal (geosyncline) theory of mountain building was first worked out in the Appalachians by James Dana and James Hall in the late 19th century; today a plate tectonic (plate tectonics) theory is invoked. The earliest Appalachian sediments were deposited near the start of the Cambrian Period (542 million years ago) on the shores of the opening Iapetus Ocean. Subduction of the Iapetus led to its destruction and the collision of different continental blocks and island arcs. Those collisions gave rise to three Appalachian orogenies: the Taconic (Taconic orogeny) in the Middle Ordovician (about 472 million years ago); the Acadian (Acadian orogeny) in the Middle to Late Devonian (at 390 million to 370 million years); and the Alleghenian (Alleghenian orogeny) in the Late Carboniferous to Permian (300 million to 250 million years ago). The age of these orogenies decreases eastward across the orogenic belt, demonstrating that it was formed by the progressive eastward addition of arcs and continental fragments to the continental margin of North America. The Appalachian belt continues to the east in the form of the Caledonian (Caledonian orogenic belt) and Hercynian orogenic belts (Hercynian orogenic belt) in western Europe. The Alleghenian orogeny led to the formation of the Pangaea supercontinent during the Permian Period (299 million to 251 million years ago). Geophysical seismic studies show that the southern Appalachian Mountains comprising the Ridge and Valley region, the Blue Ridge Mountains, and the Piedmont region belong to a crustal slab some 6–15 km (3.7 to 9.3 miles) thick that has been thrust 260 km (162 miles) westwards over the former continental margin.