American historian who wrote and lectured extensively on black history and on his Marxist political views.

Aptheker graduated with a doctorate in history from Columbia University in 1943. Because of his membership in the Communist Party of the United States, which he joined in 1939, he was prevented from pursuing an academic career until 1969, when he accepted a position at Bryn Mawr College, where he taught black history for four years. Aptheker worked as an editor of various left-wing publications, and in 1964 he founded the American Institute for Marxist Studies. He visited Vietnam in 1966 and was one of the first scholars to denounce U.S. military involvement there (Vietnam War). The best known of his many writings is A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States (7 vol., 1951–94). In 1946 the sociologist and activist W.E.B. Du Bois (Du Bois, W.E.B.) named Aptheker his literary executor. Though Du Bois's selection of a white man occasioned some criticism in the black intellectual community, Aptheker's editing of The Correspondence of W.E.B. Du Bois (3 vol., 1973–78) was widely praised. He twice (1939 and 1969) won the history award from the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life & History).