in Islam, the holy month of fasting, the ninth month of the Muslim year, in which “the Qurʾān was sent down as a guidance for the people” (Qurʾān 2:185).

In its religious function, the month is similar to the Jewish Yom Kippur inasmuch as both constitute a period of atonement; Ramaḍān, however, is seen less as atonement and more as an obedient response to a command from God. Muslim ordinance prescribes abstention from evil thoughts and deeds as well as from food, drink, and sexual intercourse from dawn until dusk throughout the month. The beginning and end of Ramaḍān are announced when one trustworthy witness testifies before the authorities that the new moon has been sighted; a cloudy sky may, therefore, delay or prolong the fast. The end of the fast is celebrated as ʿĪd al-Fiṭr, which is one of the two major religious holidays of the Islamic calendar.