The city fell to the Visigoths in the 6th century and then to Muslim invaders in 730. In the 10th century it became the capital of the kingdom of Burgundy, known later as the kingdom of Arles, and in the 12th century emerged as an independent entity—much like the Italian republics—preeminent in commerce and navigation. In 1239 it was absorbed into Provence. Portions of the wall around the old town are Roman (ancient Rome), and a Roman arena dating to the 1st century BC that seated more than 20,000 spectators is still used for bullfights and plays. Excavations at a Roman theatre have retrieved many art objects, including the “Vénus d'Arles” now in the Louvre. The Church of Saint-Trophime was founded in the 7th century and was rebuilt several times. The city of Arles was also home to the painter Vincent van Gogh during one of his most productive periods.

A naval base under the Romans, Arles is still a river port, mainly for oil tankers. Industries include chemical, metal, and paper manufacture, but the economy is largely based on tourism and agriculture. Pop. (1999) 50,513; (2005 est.) 52,600.