English poet and dramatist who used his knowledge of Aristotelian logic to create a unique kind of comedy.

Educated at Westminster School and at the University of Cambridge, Randolph earned at both schools a reputation for English and Latin verse, and Ben Jonson (Jonson, Ben) adopted him as one of his “sons,” the young poets heavily influenced by Jonson's work.

Two of Randolph's university plays—Aristippus; or, The Joviall Philosopher and The Conceited Pedlar, both comedies—were performed at Cambridge and were published in 1630. Aristippus is a debate about the relative virtues of ale and sack, full of the terms of Aristotelian logic and innumerable puns drawn from Randolph's Classical learning. A third university comedy, Hey for Honesty, adapted from the Plutus of Aristophanes, was printed in 1651. A fourth, The Jealous Lovers, was staged at Cambridge for King Charles I in 1632.

Randolph subsequently began to establish himself as a London playwright. The Muse's Looking-Glass, a comical satire on morality, was performed at the Salisbury Court Theatre in 1630, and his pastoral Amyntas was staged at court in 1631. Randolph had a high contemporary reputation, and his poetry appeared in several collections, but his promising career was cut short by his death at age 29. A collection of his poems and some plays was printed in 1638.