city, capital of Kazakhstan. Astana (meaning “Capital” in Kazak) lies in north-central Kazakhstan along the Ishim River at the junction of the Trans-Kazakhstan and South Siberian railways.

It was founded in 1824 as a Russian military outpost and became an administrative centre in 1868. Its population had reached 33,000 when it was made an oblast (province) centre in 1939. The city's importance was greatly enhanced during the Soviet period by the government's Virgin and Idle Lands Campaign of the mid-1950s—Tselinograd was Russian for “City of the Virgin Lands”—and by the city's role as capital of a kray (region) that united the five northern oblasti of the Kazakh S.S.R. in 1960–65. There was much new construction and the establishment of various research and higher educational institutions (teacher training, agriculture, medicine, and engineering and construction).

The city's name was changed to Aqmola (“White Grave”) in 1992 following Kazakhstan's independence. In 1994 the Kazakh government resolved to transfer the national capital from Almaty to Aqmola, a process completed in 1997, and the city's name was again changed the following year. Kazakh Pres. Nursultan Nazarbayev (Nazarbayev, Nursultan) spent billions of the country's oil profits on a drastic expansion and reconstruction of Astana. The government hired Japanese architect Kurokawa Kisho (Kurokawa Kishō) to design the plan for Astana's new broad avenues and blue-and-gold buildings, including the Presidential Palace. Nazarbayev also employed British architect Sir Norman Foster (Foster, Lord Norman) to design the new Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, a 203-foot- (62-metre-) high pyramid that includes, among other things, a library and an opera house.

Much of the city's population is employed by the railways. Various types of agricultural machinery are produced. Pop. (2004 est.) 510,533.