in the American Civil War, an important series of battles in Georgia (May–September 1864) that eventually cut off a main Confederate supply centre and influenced the Federal presidential election of 1864. By the end of 1863, with Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Vicksburg, Mississippi, firmly under the control of the North, Atlanta, an important Confederate railroad, supply, and manufacturing centre and a gateway to the lower South, became the logical point for Union forces to attack in their western campaign. The Union commander, General William Sherman (Sherman, William Tecumseh), also believed a sustained campaign deep into Confederate territory would bring the entire war to an end. Southern defenders were under the strategic direction of General Joseph E. Johnston (Johnston, Joseph E), until he was replaced by Lieutenant General John Bell Hood (Hood, John B) in July. The Atlanta Campaign itself consisted of nine individual battles as well as nearly five months of unbroken skirmishes and small actions. The fighting foreshadowed Sherman's March to the Sea later in the year and introduced many Southern civilians to the horrors and ravages of “total war,” working to undermine Confederate morale. After a series of seesaw battles, Sherman forced Confederate evacuation of Atlanta (August 31–September 1). This Union victory presented President Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln, Abraham) with the key to reelection in the fall of 1864. It also greatly complicated the Confederate position near the Southern capital of Richmond, Virginia, as troops there now had to contend with Union forces to the north and south.