Indo-Persian historian, one of the most important writers on the history of the Mughal period in India.

As a young boy Badāʾūnī lived in Basāvar and studied at Sambhal and Āgra. In 1562 he moved to Badaun (hence his name) and then to Patiāla, where he entered the service of a local prince, Husayn Khān, with whom he remained for nine years. After leaving this post, he continued his education, studying with various Muslim mystics. In 1574 he was presented to the Mughal emperor Akbar, who appointed him to a religious office at the court and gave him a pension.

Of the many works Badāʾūnī wrote on commission from the emperor, the most highly regarded were the Kitāb al-Ḥadīth (“Book of Ḥadīth”), the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, no longer extant; a section of the Tārīkh-e alfī (“History of the Millennium”), commissioned by Akbar to celebrate the millenary of the Hijrah (Hegira) in 1591/92, on which more than 10 authors collaborated; and a summary translation of the work of the great historian Rashīd al-Dīn, Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh (“Universal History”). His most important work, however, was the Muntakhab al-tawārīkh (“Selection from History”), often called Tārīkh-e Badāʾūnī (“Badāʾūnī's History”), a history of Muslim India containing additional sections on Muslim religious figures, physicians, poets, and scholars. It aroused discussion because of its hostile remarks about Akbar and his religious practices and apparently was suppressed until the reign of Jahāngīr in the early 17th century. In addition to these works, Badāʾūnī also was commissioned to translate many Sanskrit tales and the Hindu epics the Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata.