French scholar, notable both as a historian and as the collector and publisher of documents and manuscripts.

At the Collège St. Martial at Toulouse, he studied chiefly ecclesiastical history and canon law, becoming in 1654 secretary to the archbishop of Toulouse, who was a noted historian. After five years as secretary to the bishop of Auch, Baluze in 1667 entered the service of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the future minister of finances to King Louis XIV, as his librarian, a post that he was to hold for more than 30 years. In 1670 he received the additional appointment of professor of canon law at the Collège Royal.

He published his Concilia Galliae Narbonensis in 1668, following this with other important works, including Capitularia regum Francorum (1677), Miscellanea (1678–83), Nova collectio Conciliorum (1683, only one volume published), and Vitae Paparum Avenionensium (1693). He also edited the works of many ecclesiastical writers. In 1700 he relinquished his position as librarian, having enormously enriched Colbert's collection of books, and in 1707 was appointed director of the Collège Royal. In 1708 appeared his Histoire généalogique de la maison d'Auvergne, undertaken at the request of the Cardinal de Bouillon. In that work, which purported to trace the cardinal's descent from the counts of Auvergne in the 9th century, Baluze made use of documents already proved to have been forged. After Bouillon fled abroad, Baluze was deprived of all his offices and banished for some years from Paris. While in exile he completed his Historia Tutelensis (1717).