port city, Contra Costa county, western California, U.S. It lies on the northeastern shore of San Francisco Bay and is connected to Marin county by the Richmond–San Rafael Bridge (1956), 16 miles (26 km) northeast of San Francisco. The site of ancient Ohlone Indian shell mounds, it became part of Rancho San Pablo, settled by Francisco Castro in 1823. Ferry service was established to San Francisco in 1900 when Point Richmond became the western terminus of the Santa Fe Railway. The city was home to a large winery in the early 1900s until Prohibition forced its closure. Deepwater harbour facilities encouraged development as an oil-refining centre, and World War II-era naval construction at the Kaiser shipyards, which produced more than 750 warships, greatly stimulated growth. The contribution of women to industrial labour in World War II is commemorated in the Rosie the Riveter Memorial (completed 2000), sited in Marina Bay Park on the grounds of the former shipyards. Diversified manufactures include petroleum, chemicals, biotechnology, auto parts, and aerospace components. Point Molate was a U.S. naval fuel depot centre until it was decommissioned in 1995. Recreational sites in the area include Miller Knox Regional Shoreline, Sobrante Ridge Regional Preserve, and Point Pinole Regional Park. Inc. 1905. Pop. (1990) 87,425; (2000) 99,216.

city, seat (1873) of Wayne county, east-central Indiana, U.S. It is located on the East Fork of Whitewater River, 67 miles (108 km) east of Indianapolis at the Ohio border. Settled in 1806 by migrating North Carolina Quakers (Friends, Society of), it was first called Smithville and in 1818 amalgamated with neighbouring Coxborough (or Jericho) and incorporated as Richmond, a name supposedly indicative of the richness of local soil. The town's growth was spurred by its location on the Cumberland (or National) Road, which reached Richmond in about 1835. Richmond has remained a centre of Quaker influence and organizations. The publications and general offices of the Friends United Meeting (Quakers) are located there, and group sessions are held regularly. The city is the seat of Earlham College (1847; Quaker-controlled) and Indiana University East (1971). An early manufacturing centre in a fertile area, Richmond is still important in agricultural marketing and processing. Industries include the manufacture of machinery, automobile parts, and fabricated metals. An annual rose festival held in June reflects the city's large greenhouse rose-growing industry. A statue (“Madonna of the Trail,” 1928) in Glen Miller Park in downtown Richmond commemorates the westward flow of pioneers along the Cumberland Road through the city. The Indiana Football Hall of Fame and Wayne County Historical Museum are also in the city. Inc. city, 1840. Pop. (2000) 39,124; (2005 est.) 37,560.

city, seat (1798) of Madison county, east-central Kentucky, U.S., in the outer Bluegrass region, near the Cumberland foothills. The city, on the old Wilderness Road, 25 miles (39 km) southeast of Lexington, was settled in 1785 by Colonel John Miller, who served at Yorktown during the American Revolution. It is named for Richmond, Virginia, Miller's birthplace. Richmond was contested throughout the American Civil War. The first Confederate victory in the state took place there on August 29–30, 1862, when General Edmund Kirby-Smith (Kirby-Smith, E.)'s forces defeated the troops of the Union general William Nelson, capturing nearly all of Nelson's men. The courthouse (1849) was used as a hospital during the war.

Richmond is an agricultural trading and shipping centre for tobacco, livestock, and corn (maize); the manufacture of lighting and electronic equipment, cable, storage batteries, and paint products are important to the economy. The city is the home of Eastern Kentucky University, founded in 1906. Fort Boonesborough State Park is there, and Natural Bridge State Park is nearby, to the east. White Hall State Historic Shrine, 5 miles (8 km) to the north, is the restored home (1799) of abolitionist Cassius Marcellus Clay (Clay, Cassius Marcellus). Inc. 1809. Pop. (1990) 21,155; (2000) 27,152.

town, part of the Hawkesbury local government area, east-central New South Wales, Australia, on the Hawkesbury River. It is situated on a hill, was named in 1789 after the Duke of Richmond by Governor Arthur Phillip, and was chosen in 1810 for settlement by Governor Lachlan Macquarie as safe from flood damage. Proclaimed a municipality in 1872, Richmond has since become a suburb of Sydney (35 miles 【56 km】 southeast). Fertile riverine flats surrounding the town yield vegetables, corn (maize), turf, and dairy products, much of which is processed in Richmond. Hawkesbury Agricultural College (founded 1888) and a Royal Australian Air Force airfield are nearby. Pop. (2006) Hawkesbury local government area, 60,561.

town (“parish”), Richmondshire district, administrative county of North Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, northern England, situated on the left bank of the River Swale where its dale (upland valley) opens into the plain. Richmond grew up in the shelter of a Norman castle (c. 1071), only the keep of which remains, and became the main military centre and market for a large part of northwestern Yorkshire. It is the hometown of the Catterick garrison, with its camp nearby on a Roman site, and prospers as the main tourist centre for the Yorkshire Dales National Park. It also has a restored 18th-century theatre. Pop. (2001) 8,178.

town, southeastern Tasmania, Australia, situated on Coal River at the head of Pitt Water lagoon. In 1815 Tasmania's first flour mill was built in the area, and by 1823 a bridge (Australia's oldest existing bridge) was built across the river to provide access from Hobart (16 miles 【26 km】 southwest) and to the east coast and Tasman Peninsula. Two years later, the government founded the town, which prospered from wheat farming during the 1830s. From 1861 Richmond was the centre of a municipality (from 1993 within Clarence), but it declined after 1872 when bypassed by causeways across Pitt Water. It remains a service centre for local sheep, dairy, and mixed farms, and vineyards. Richmond is a well-preserved historic town and a popular tourist attraction. Pop. (2001) locality, 818.

The nearby Richmond National Battlefield Park (established 1936) commemorates seven Civil War battles that were fought in and around the city in 1862–65. The park, with a total area of 2.7 square miles (7 square km), comprises 10 units spread out within the city and across three surrounding counties. Many notable Southerners, including U.S. presidents John Tyler (Tyler, John) and James Monroe (Monroe, James) and Confederate president Jefferson Davis (Davis, Jefferson), as well as 18,000 Confederate soldiers, are buried in the city's Hollywood Cemetery. The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (1934) was America's first state-supported art museum. Inc. city, 1782. Pop. (2000) city, 197,790; Richmond MSA, 1,096,957; (2007 est.) city, 200,123; Richmond MSA, 1,212,977.