city, administratively independent of, but located in, Roanoke county, southwestern Virginia, U.S. It lies on the Roanoke River, at the southern end of the Shenandoah Valley, between the Blue Ridge and Allegheny (Allegheny Mountains) mountains, 148 miles (238 km) west of Richmond. Settled in 1740, it developed after 1882, when it became a junction of the Shenandoah Valley Railroad and the Norfolk and Western Railroad (Norfolk and Western Railway Company), offering an outlet for the coal deposits of Virginia and West Virginia. Chartered in 1874 it was known as the town of Big Lick but was renamed Roanoke (1882) for the Indian term for shell money or for a nearby salt marsh. Large railroad shops and offices were built, and the arrival of the Virginia Railroad, in 1906, assured further growth. Fabricated steel and textile industries were established. The expansion of truck lines and the city's location near the scenic Skyline Drive and Blue Ridge Parkway have sustained the economy. Manufactures now include railroad cars, metal and steel products, electrical equipment, clothing, chemicals, and furniture.

National Business College (1886) and Virginia Western Community College (1966) are in the city, and Hollins University (1842) and Roanoke College (1842) are nearby. Roanoke is headquarters for George Washington National Forest and Jefferson National Forest (combined administratively in 1995), which covers some 3,000 square miles (7,700 square km), and Mill Mountain (2,000 feet 【600 metres】) is within the corporate limits. The Booker T. Washington (Washington, Booker T) National Monument (1956; childhood home of the black educator) is 18 miles (29 km) to the southeast. Inc. city, 1884. Pop. (1990) city, 96,397; Roanoke MSA, 224,477; (2000) city, 94,911; Roanoke MSA, 235,932.