town, capital of Aveyron département, Midi-Pyrénées région, southern France. It lies at the confluence of the Auterne and Aveyron rivers, overlooking the green undulating country of the Plateau de Segala. Colonized as Ruthena by the Romans, the town was the scene of a struggle between the bishops of Rodez (established there in AD 401) and the counts of Rouergue, where Rodez served as the capital until 1789. A double wall was built between the two hostile parts, the names of which (the episcopal Cité and the feudal Bourg) survive in the town's two places (squares). The Place de la Cité is the site of the magnificent Gothic Notre-Dame cathedral with its 16th-century belfry rising to 285 feet (87 metres); the Place du Bourg has the Romanesque church of Saint-Amans, with an 18th-century exterior and 12th-century nave (restored).

The traditional wool industry of Rodez has declined, but the town has continued to develop as an industrial centre based on food processing, mechanical engineering for the aeronautic and automotive industries, and the manufacture of wood products. It is also an administrative, commercial, and tourist centre. Pop. (1999) 23,707; (2005 est.) 23,900.