Soviet military commander noted for his role in the Battle of Stalingrad (Stalingrad, Battle of) (1942–43).

The son of a railroad engineer, Rokossovsky served in the imperial army as a noncommissioned officer in World War I. In 1917 he joined the Red Army and served in the Civil War, rising through the ranks to various Far Eastern commands. In 1938 during the Stalinist purges he was imprisoned but was released upon the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 because his military talents were needed. During World War II Rokossovsky had major roles in the battles at Moscow (1941), Stalingrad, and Kursk (1943), as well as in the Soviet drives into Byelorussia (1944), east Prussia, and Pomerania (1945). He won his greatest renown at Stalingrad when he directed six Soviet armies of the Don River front that, along with other Soviet forces, first trapped and then annihilated the 22 divisions of the German 6th Army.

In 1949 he was named Soviet defense minister and deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of Soviet-dominated Poland and was accorded the title marshal of Poland. He held these positions until the return to power of former Communist Polish Workers' Party secretary Władysław Gomulka, who had been imprisoned in 1948. Upon his expulsion by Gomulka (Oct. 28, 1956, on charges of attempting to stage a pro-Soviet coup), Rokossovsky returned to the U.S.S.R., where he was deputy minister of defense (1956–62) and held various other military posts.