city, seat (1861) of Phelps county, south-central Missouri, U.S. It is located in the Ozark Mountains, near the Gasconade River and units of the Mark Twain National Forest (headquartered at Rolla). Originating about 1856 as a construction site for the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway, it supposedly derived its name from a phonetic spelling of Raleigh, N.C., home of one of the settlers. It was a Union stronghold during the American Civil War. The University of Missouri-Rolla was founded in 1870 as the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy. The U.S. Geological and Missouri Geological surveys maintain facilities in Rolla. Agriculture, educational and government agencies, and light industry (small engines, plastic pipe) are the city's economic mainstays. Inc. 1890. Pop. (2000) 16,367; (2005 est.) 17,717.