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Rommel, Erwin

German field marshal

Introduction

in full Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel, byname the Desert Fox, German der Wüstenfuchs

born November 15, 1891, Heidenheim, Germany

died October 14, 1944, Herrlingen, near Ulm

German field marshal who became the most popular general at home and gained the open respect of his enemies with his spectacular victories as commander of the Afrika Korps in World War II.

Early life and career

Rommel's father was a teacher, as his grandfather had been, and his mother was the daughter of a senior official. A career as an army officer began to be fashionable, even among middle-class southern Germans, after the establishment of the German Empire in 1871; thus, notwithstanding the absence of a military tradition in his family, Rommel in 1910 joined the 124th Württemberg Infantry Regiment as an officer cadet.

In World War I, Rommel fought as a lieutenant in France, Romania, and Italy. His deep understanding of his men, his unusual courage, and his natural gift of leadership quite early showed promise of a great career. In the Prussian-German army, a career on the general staff was the normal avenue for advancement, yet Rommel declined to take that road. Both in the Reichswehr of the Weimar Republic and in Adolf Hitler (Hitler, Adolf)'s Wehrmacht, he remained in the infantry as a frontline officer. Like many great generals, he possessed a pronounced talent for teaching and was accordingly appointed to posts at various military academies. The fruit of his battle experiences in World War I, combined with his ideas on training young soldiers in military thinking, formed the main components of his military textbook, Infanterie greift an (1937; “Infantry Attacks”), which received high initial esteem.

In 1938, after Austria's annexation by Germany, Colonel Rommel was appointed commandant of the officers' school in Wiener Neustadt, near Vienna. At the beginning of World War II, he was appointed commander of the troops guarding the Führer's headquarters and became personally known to Hitler. Rommel's chance to prove himself as a commander came in February 1940 when he assumed command of the 7th Panzer Division. He had never commanded armoured units before, yet he quickly grasped the tremendous possibilities of mechanized and armoured troops in an offensive role. His raid on France's Channel coast in May 1940 provided the first proof of his boldness and initiative.

Commander of Afrika Korps

Less than a year later, in February 1941, Rommel was appointed commander of the German troops dispatched to aid the all-but-defeated Italian army in Libya. The deserts of North Africa became the scene of his greatest successes—and of his defeat at the hands of a vastly superior enemy. In the North African theatre of war, the “Desert Fox,” as he came to be called by both friend and foe because of his audacious surprise attacks, acquired a formidable reputation, and soon Hitler, impressed by such successes, promoted him to field marshal.

Rommel had difficulty following up these successes, however. North Africa was, in Hitler's view, only a sideshow. Nonetheless, despite the increasing difficulties of supply and Rommel's request to withdraw his exhausted troops, in the summer of 1942 Hitler ordered an attack on Cairo and the Suez Canal. Rommel and his German-Italian army were stopped by the British at El-Alamein (Al-ʿAlamayn, Egypt), 60 miles (100 km) from Alexandria. At that time Rommel won astounding popularity in the Arab world, where he was regarded as a “liberator” from British rule. At home the propaganda ministry portrayed him as the invincible “people's marshal” (Volksmarschall). But the offensive against Egypt had overtaxed his resources. At the end of October 1942, he was defeated in the Second Battle of El-Alamein and had to withdraw to the German bridgehead in Tunis. In March 1943 Hitler ordered him home.

Normandy and conspiracy

In 1944 Rommel was entrusted with the defense of France's Channel coast against a possible Allied invasion. The master of the war of movement then developed an unusual inventiveness in the erection of coastal defense works. From his experience in North Africa with Allied air interdiction, Rommel believed the only successful defense of the beaches lay in preventing the enemy a bridgehead by all possible means. To do so, he boldly advocated the placement of reserve forces immediately behind coastal defense works for counterattacks. His superiors, most notably Gerd von Rundstedt (Rundstedt, Gerd von), demurred, however, insisting on a more traditional placement of reserves farther behind the lines to maximize the forces' potential range of movement after the place of invasion became known. This disagreement and the dissonance it fostered within organizations charged with repelling the Allies weakened the effectiveness of the German defense when the invasion finally came along the Normandy coast.

At some point in 1944, Rommel grew doubtful of Germany's ultimate prospects in the war and Hitler (Hitler, Adolf)'s capacity to face reality and make peace with the western powers. In the spring of 1944, some of Rommel's friends who had joined the clandestine opposition to Hitler approached Rommel and suggested to him that it was his duty to take over as head of state after Hitler had been overthrown. Rommel did not reject the suggestion, but the men who wanted to extricate Germany from the war never revealed to Rommel that they planned to assassinate Hitler. They knew that Rommel did not accept the idea of murder for political ends; he had invariably disregarded any execution orders given to him by Hitler. When the invasion began, Rommel tried on several occasions to point out to Hitler that the war was lost and that he should come to terms with the western powers.

On July 17, 1944, at the height of the invasion battle, Rommel's car was attacked by British fighter-bombers and forced off the road. It somersaulted, and Rommel was hospitalized with serious head injuries. In August he had recovered sufficiently to be able to return to his home to convalesce. In the meantime, after the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life on July 20, 1944 (see July Plot), Rommel's contacts with the conspirators had come to light. Hitler did not want the “people's marshal” to appear before the court as his enemy and thence be taken to the gallows. He sent two generals to Rommel to offer him poison with the assurance that his name and that of his family would remain unsullied if he avoided a trial. On October 14 Rommel took poison, thus ending his life. He was later buried with full military honours.

Walter Otto Julius Görlitz

Additional Reading

B.H. Liddell Hart (ed.), The Rommel Papers, trans. from German (1953, reissued 1984), prepared with the assistance of Rommel's widow, son, and a former chief of staff, compiles Rommel's personal papers and notes. Rommel's life and career are examined in Desmond Young, Rommel (1950, reissued 1986); and David Fraser, Knight's Cross (1993). Works that focus on specific aspects of Rommel's career include Ronald Lewin, The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps (1977); Wolf Heckmann, Rommel's War in Africa (1981, reissued 1995; originally published in German, 3rd ed., 1976); and Samuel W. Mitcham, Jr., The Desert Fox in Normandy: Rommel's Defense of Fortress Europe (1997). Hans Speidel, Invasion 1944: Rommel and the Normandy Campaign (1950, reissued 1972; also published as We Defended Normandy, 1951; originally published in German, 1949); and Friedrich Ruge, Rommel in Normandy: Reminiscences (1979; originally published in German, 1959), are of great value as memoirs.

词条	Rommel, Erwin
释义	Rommel, Erwin German field marshal Introduction in full Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel, byname the Desert Fox, German der Wüstenfuchs born November 15, 1891, Heidenheim, Germany died October 14, 1944, Herrlingen, near Ulm German field marshal who became the most popular general at home and gained the open respect of his enemies with his spectacular victories as commander of the Afrika Korps in World War II. Early life and career Rommel's father was a teacher, as his grandfather had been, and his mother was the daughter of a senior official. A career as an army officer began to be fashionable, even among middle-class southern Germans, after the establishment of the German Empire in 1871; thus, notwithstanding the absence of a military tradition in his family, Rommel in 1910 joined the 124th Württemberg Infantry Regiment as an officer cadet. In World War I, Rommel fought as a lieutenant in France, Romania, and Italy. His deep understanding of his men, his unusual courage, and his natural gift of leadership quite early showed promise of a great career. In the Prussian-German army, a career on the general staff was the normal avenue for advancement, yet Rommel declined to take that road. Both in the Reichswehr of the Weimar Republic and in Adolf Hitler (Hitler, Adolf)'s Wehrmacht, he remained in the infantry as a frontline officer. Like many great generals, he possessed a pronounced talent for teaching and was accordingly appointed to posts at various military academies. The fruit of his battle experiences in World War I, combined with his ideas on training young soldiers in military thinking, formed the main components of his military textbook, Infanterie greift an (1937; “Infantry Attacks”), which received high initial esteem. In 1938, after Austria's annexation by Germany, Colonel Rommel was appointed commandant of the officers' school in Wiener Neustadt, near Vienna. At the beginning of World War II, he was appointed commander of the troops guarding the Führer's headquarters and became personally known to Hitler. Rommel's chance to prove himself as a commander came in February 1940 when he assumed command of the 7th Panzer Division. He had never commanded armoured units before, yet he quickly grasped the tremendous possibilities of mechanized and armoured troops in an offensive role. His raid on France's Channel coast in May 1940 provided the first proof of his boldness and initiative. Commander of Afrika Korps Less than a year later, in February 1941, Rommel was appointed commander of the German troops dispatched to aid the all-but-defeated Italian army in Libya. The deserts of North Africa became the scene of his greatest successes—and of his defeat at the hands of a vastly superior enemy. In the North African theatre of war, the “Desert Fox,” as he came to be called by both friend and foe because of his audacious surprise attacks, acquired a formidable reputation, and soon Hitler, impressed by such successes, promoted him to field marshal. Rommel had difficulty following up these successes, however. North Africa was, in Hitler's view, only a sideshow. Nonetheless, despite the increasing difficulties of supply and Rommel's request to withdraw his exhausted troops, in the summer of 1942 Hitler ordered an attack on Cairo and the Suez Canal. Rommel and his German-Italian army were stopped by the British at El-Alamein (Al-ʿAlamayn, Egypt), 60 miles (100 km) from Alexandria. At that time Rommel won astounding popularity in the Arab world, where he was regarded as a “liberator” from British rule. At home the propaganda ministry portrayed him as the invincible “people's marshal” (Volksmarschall). But the offensive against Egypt had overtaxed his resources. At the end of October 1942, he was defeated in the Second Battle of El-Alamein and had to withdraw to the German bridgehead in Tunis. In March 1943 Hitler ordered him home. Normandy and conspiracy In 1944 Rommel was entrusted with the defense of France's Channel coast against a possible Allied invasion. The master of the war of movement then developed an unusual inventiveness in the erection of coastal defense works. From his experience in North Africa with Allied air interdiction, Rommel believed the only successful defense of the beaches lay in preventing the enemy a bridgehead by all possible means. To do so, he boldly advocated the placement of reserve forces immediately behind coastal defense works for counterattacks. His superiors, most notably Gerd von Rundstedt (Rundstedt, Gerd von), demurred, however, insisting on a more traditional placement of reserves farther behind the lines to maximize the forces' potential range of movement after the place of invasion became known. This disagreement and the dissonance it fostered within organizations charged with repelling the Allies weakened the effectiveness of the German defense when the invasion finally came along the Normandy coast. At some point in 1944, Rommel grew doubtful of Germany's ultimate prospects in the war and Hitler (Hitler, Adolf)'s capacity to face reality and make peace with the western powers. In the spring of 1944, some of Rommel's friends who had joined the clandestine opposition to Hitler approached Rommel and suggested to him that it was his duty to take over as head of state after Hitler had been overthrown. Rommel did not reject the suggestion, but the men who wanted to extricate Germany from the war never revealed to Rommel that they planned to assassinate Hitler. They knew that Rommel did not accept the idea of murder for political ends; he had invariably disregarded any execution orders given to him by Hitler. When the invasion began, Rommel tried on several occasions to point out to Hitler that the war was lost and that he should come to terms with the western powers. On July 17, 1944, at the height of the invasion battle, Rommel's car was attacked by British fighter-bombers and forced off the road. It somersaulted, and Rommel was hospitalized with serious head injuries. In August he had recovered sufficiently to be able to return to his home to convalesce. In the meantime, after the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life on July 20, 1944 (see July Plot), Rommel's contacts with the conspirators had come to light. Hitler did not want the “people's marshal” to appear before the court as his enemy and thence be taken to the gallows. He sent two generals to Rommel to offer him poison with the assurance that his name and that of his family would remain unsullied if he avoided a trial. On October 14 Rommel took poison, thus ending his life. He was later buried with full military honours. Walter Otto Julius Görlitz Additional Reading B.H. Liddell Hart (ed.), The Rommel Papers, trans. from German (1953, reissued 1984), prepared with the assistance of Rommel's widow, son, and a former chief of staff, compiles Rommel's personal papers and notes. Rommel's life and career are examined in Desmond Young, Rommel (1950, reissued 1986); and David Fraser, Knight's Cross (1993). Works that focus on specific aspects of Rommel's career include Ronald Lewin, The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps (1977); Wolf Heckmann, Rommel's War in Africa (1981, reissued 1995; originally published in German, 3rd ed., 1976); and Samuel W. Mitcham, Jr., The Desert Fox in Normandy: Rommel's Defense of Fortress Europe (1997). Hans Speidel, Invasion 1944: Rommel and the Normandy Campaign (1950, reissued 1972; also published as We Defended Normandy, 1951; originally published in German, 1949); and Friedrich Ruge, Rommel in Normandy: Reminiscences (1979; originally published in German, 1959), are of great value as memoirs.
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