Becker's father, an architect, built the hometown tennis club (Blau-Weiss Tennisklub) where Becker learned to play as a child. He started playing competitively at age 8 and began concentrating almost wholly on tennis by age 12; he dropped out of school in the 10th grade (or form) and instead was schooled in the West German Tennis Federation, where his principal coach was Günther Bosch, a Romanian-born German.

Becker burst onto the international tennis scene at age 17 at the Wimbledon Championships in 1985. With powerful serves and an attacking style, he overpowered his opponents, advancing to the finals, where he defeated Kevin Curren in four sets. Excelling on the fast grass surface, he won Wimbledon again in 1986 and 1989 and was a finalist there in 1988, 1990, 1991, and 1995. He won the Australian Open twice (1991, 1996) and the U.S. Open (United States Open Tennis Championships) (1989). In international tennis, he was a member of West Germany's and then Germany's Davis Cup squads (1985–99), helping the team to victories in 1988 and 1989; he served as the team's manager in 1997. He also captured an Olympic gold medal in doubles in 1992 at the Barcelona Games.

Becker retired from competitive tennis in 1999; during his career he won 49 singles and 15 doubles titles. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2003. Following his retirement, he went into business, his Boris Becker Sports marketing tennis equipment and apparel. His autobiography, Boris Becker: The Player (2004), details his professional and personal life, including his high-profile marriage and divorce from model Barbara Feltus and alcohol and drug addiction.