patron saint of Peru and of all South America and the first person born in the Western Hemisphere to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.

Born into a wealthy family, Rosa (the name by which she was always known) was drawn to penitential practices and a spiritual life, which was opposed by her mother, who wanted her to marry. The struggle between them lasted 10 years, during which time Rose made a perpetual vow of virginity, taking St. Catherine of Siena as her model. In 1606 her mother relented and allowed Rosa to become a Dominican of the Third Order. She chose strict enclosure and contemplation and withdrew to the seclusion of a hut in the family garden, where she endured a life of severe austerity: she wore a crown of thorns, practiced fasting, slept on a bed of broken glass and potsherds, and experienced numerous visions, particularly of the devil. Only in the last three years of her life did she leave her seclusion. Her funeral was an occasion of public honour, and many miracles were said to have occurred after her death.

She was beatified in 1668 by Pope Clement IX and declared patron of Lima; she was canonized by Pope Clement X, who proclaimed her patron saint of South America, the Indies, and the Philippines.