Belgian embryologist and cytologist best known for his discoveries concerning fertilization and chromosome numbers in sex cells and body cells.

During his early years, van Beneden (Beneden, Pierre-Joseph van) worked with his father, P.J. van Beneden, a professor of zoology at the Catholic University in Leuven (Louvain), who was noted for his studies on protozoans, nematodes, and various other animal groups. The younger van Beneden extended this research to dicyemids, a group of wormlike organisms distinguished by their production of two types of embryo. In 1870 he was appointed to the faculty of the University of Liège, where he focused his research on comparative morphology. His work, for example, advanced the theory of the Russian zoologist Aleksandr O. Kovalevsky that marine organisms called tunicates (tunicate) were chordates. Van Beneden established the tunicates' phylogenetic relationship to other animals through an investigation of the segmentation of the embryo.

From 1883 van Beneden published a series of important papers on the egg of Ascaris megalocephala, an intestinal worm found in horses. In these studies he showed that fertilization consisted essentially in the union of two half-nuclei—one male (from the sperm cell) and one female (from the egg cell)—each containing only half the number of chromosomes found in the body cells of the species. This union produced a cell containing the full number of chromosomes. Van Beneden revealed the individuality of single chromosomes in his study of a subspecies of Ascaris (A. megalocephala univalens) having only two chromosomes in its body cells. He further demonstrated that the chromosome number is constant for every body cell of a species. He also developed a theory of embryo formation in mammals that later became a standard scientific principle.