English dramatist and actor who collaborated with several Jacobean dramatists, notably Thomas Middleton (Middleton, Thomas).

Rowley became an actor before 1610. He met Middleton about 1614 but was already writing plays for his company, Prince Charles's Men, in 1612–13. He later joined Lady Elizabeth's Men and then the King's Men, serving as both playwright and actor. Rowley's large girth and flair for comedy led to appearances as Plumporridge in The Inner Temple Masque (1619) and as the Fat Bishop in A Game at Chess (1625), both plays by Middleton. In his own writings, Rowley often included oversized comic characters for his performance. Of some 20 plays known to have been written by Rowley alone or in collaboration, relatively few are extant. His most important solitary effort is All's Lost by Lust (performed 1619; published 1633), a romantic tragedy with a strong strain of dramatic morality, written in harsh but powerful verse. His other extant plays are comedies and include A New Wonder, A Woman Never Vext (c. 1610; published 1632), A Match at Mid-Night (c. 1607; published 1633), and A Shoo-maker a Gentleman (c. 1608; published 1638). Plays written with Middleton include The Old Law (performed c. 1615), on which Philip Massinger (Massinger, Philip) also collaborated; A Faire Quarrell (c. 1616, published 1617) and The Changeling (1622; published 1653), in both of which Rowley wrote the subplot and helped with the plan of the whole; Wit at Several Weapons (c. 1616), incorrectly attributed to John Fletcher (Fletcher, John); and The World Tost at Tennis (1620).

Other plays in which Rowley collaborated are Fortune by Land and Sea (c. 1609) with Thomas Heywood (Heywood, Thomas); The Witch of Edmonton (1621) with Thomas Dekker (Dekker, Thomas) and John Ford (Ford, John); The Maid in the Mill (1623) with Fletcher; and The Birth of Merlin, or: The Child Hath Found His Father (1662), the title page of which wrongly attributes part authorship to William Shakespeare.