Russian writer, religious thinker, and journalist, best known for the originality and individuality of his prose works.

Rozanov was born into the family of a provincial official of limited means. His parents died before he turned 15. He attended secondary schools in Kostroma, Simbirsk, and Nizhny Novgorod and in 1882 graduated from the University of Moscow. He later taught history and geography in secondary schools in the Russian provinces. In 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he became a government official, but he resigned in 1899 at the urging of A.S. Suvorin, the proprietor of the newspaper Novoye Vremya (“New Time”). Rozanov remained a regular contributor until the newspaper was shut down by the Bolsheviks in October 1917.

His first published work, O ponimanii (1886; “On Understanding”), was a philosophical treatise; it went almost completely unnoticed. From the beginning of the 1890s, Rozanov began publishing widely, mainly in conservative publications, becoming a renowned literary figure within conservative circles. He owed his fame, however, not so much to articles on contemporary topics as to his research in the field of literature (e.g., Legenda o velikom inkvisitore F.M. Dostoyevskogo 【1894; Dostoevsky and the Legend of the Grand Inquisitor】 and Literaturnye ocherki 【1899; “Literary Essays”】). He also wrote articles on Russian schooling, including Sumerki prosveshcheniya (1899; “Twilight of Education”), and a book on family life, Semeyny vopros v Rossii, 2 vol. (1903; “The Family Question in Russia”). Out of the latter came one of the subjects he analyzed most deeply—that of sex. His interest in the problems of family life was triggered partly by his personal experiences: he married early but was unable to obtain a divorce, which forced him to marry his second wife in secret; his children from his second marriage were therefore considered “illegitimate.” In his work on family life, Rozanov went beyond the question of society's and the church's attitude toward sexuality. He emphasized the sanctity of the sexual act, which he believed was being perverted by certain aspects of human nature and culture. His interest in these matters, as in matters of religion, brought Rozanov close to Russian Symbolism. He was a member and a regular speaker at meetings of St. Petersburg's Religious-Philosophical Society, and he published in magazines such as Novy Put (“The New Path”), Vesy (“Libra,” or “Scales”), and Zolotoye Runo (“The Golden Fleece”).

From 1912 Rozanov began publishing books consisting of whimsically composed fragments that ranged from a few words to two or three pages; although unusual in Russia for their time, they are reminiscent of the writings of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. Uyedinyonnoye (1912; “Solitary Thoughts”; Eng. trans. Solitaria) and Opavshiye listya (1913–15; Fallen Leaves) give the impression of maximum openness and intimacy, and their complexity of meaning arises from contradictory statements. They made him famous as the creator of a new literary genre.

Rozanov was a symbol of contradiction to most Russian readers at the beginning of the 20th century. He was a deeply religious man throughout his life, but he also fought with the church; his interest in Jews and Judaism sometimes turned to anti-Semitism; and his political conservatism coexisted with his sharp criticism of autocracy. He also contributed to publications of markedly different political convictions.

After the Bolsheviks shut down Suvorin's Novoye Vremya, Rozanov and his family moved to Sergiyev, near the Trinity-St. Sergius monastery, one of the main holy centres of the Russian Orthodox Church. He published Apokalipsis nashego vremeni (1917–18; “The Apocalypse of Our Time”), which did not bring him a profit. He had no regular income, and he died in poverty. Many of his works remained in manuscript and were first published in the 1990s.