bibliophile, scholar, and official of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (Qing dynasty) who between 1817 and 1826 served as governor-general of the southern province of Guangdong, through which all British trade was required to pass. Thus, Ruan was the top Chinese official in charge of relations with the West in the crucial decade before the first Opium War (Opium Wars) (1839–42). Like most Chinese officials of his time, Ruan was more interested in traditional scholarly learning than in exploring the new forces and ideas entering China. His policy toward foreigners was one of compromise, which failed to satisfy the British or to prepare China for changes.