city, capital of Orissa state, eastern India. Bhubaneshwar's history from the 3rd century BCE is represented in the nearby Dhauligiri rock edict of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka at the site of his famous conquest of the Kalingas (Kalinga). Between the 5th and 10th centuries CE it was the provincial capital of many Hindu dynasties and a centre of the Shaivite faith. Its many temples (including the Mukteshwara and Parashurameshwar), displaying every phase of Orissan architecture, were built between the 7th and 14th centuries. The city consists of the old quarter, containing about 30 ancient temples, and a planned township built after 1948, when the capital was moved there from Cuttack. In the latter are the state government buildings, the state museum, Utkal University (established 1944 in Cuttack), and the Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology. The Indira Gandhi Memorial Park lies at the city's centre. Bhubaneshwar is on the national highway between Kolkata (Calcutta) (Calcutta) and Chennai (Madras) and on the South-Eastern Railway, and it has an airport. Nearby are the rock-cut caves of Khandagiri and Udayagiri, a zoological and botanical park, and the ancient excavation site of Sisupalgarh. Pop. (2001) 648,032.