king of Portugal who conscientiously and intelligently devoted himself to the problems of his country during his short reign (1853–61).

Peter succeeded his mother, Maria II, on Nov. 15, 1853; and while his father, Ferdinand II of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, acted as regent for two years, Peter travelled (1854–55) to the more industrialized European nations.

He wished to convert the Duque de Saldanha's Regeneration movement into a two-party system and inclined toward the liberalism of the Duque de Loulé (his mother's uncle). He carefully studied internal problems, from the railways to military organization, and left the politicians in no doubt as to his views. He personally patronized the foundation of the Curso Superior de Letras, the forerunner of the University of Lisbon. In the spring of 1858 he married Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and never recovered from her death in the following year.

Epidemics of cholera and yellow fever recurred in Portugal, and he worked assiduously to provide relief. In October 1861 he fell ill with typhoid fever, and he and a younger brother died in November. He was succeeded by his second brother, Louis (Luís).