British politician who was a leader of the woman suffrage movement in Great Britain during the first two decades of the 20th century; he later served (1945–47) as secretary of state for India and Burma (now Myanmar).

In 1901 Lawrence married Emmeline Pethick, a fellow social worker in the East End of London, and added her family name to his own. Together they assailed their nation's prosecution of the South African War (1899–1902) and then became leaders in the agitation for woman suffrage. Pethick-Lawrence spent nearly all his considerable inheritance paying suffragists' fines; and in 1912, after a demonstration in London, he served a few months in jail.

A Socialist and Labour Party member, he defeated Winston Churchill, at that time a Liberal, in the 1923 election to the House of Commons from West Leicester. In Ramsay MacDonald's second Labour ministry (1929–31) he was financial secretary to the Treasury. As secretary of state for India and Burma (August 1945–April 1947) in the Labour government of Clement Richard (afterward 1st Earl) Attlee, he was unable to reconcile Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohammed Ali Jinnah, respectively leaders of the Hindus and Muslims in India. He was created a baron in 1945. His autobiography, Fate Has Been Kind, was published in 1943.

Pethick-Lawrence's two marriages were childless, and the barony became extinct upon his death.