Blériot, a graduate of the École Centrale in Paris, met and married Alice Vedène while performing military service as a lieutenant of artillery. He used his modest fortune, amassed as a manufacturer of headlamps and other automotive accessories, to fund his earliest work in aeronautics. Following a series of experiments with a towed glider on the Seine River, he built and tested a variety of powered aircraft, ranging from box-kite biplanes to a tail-first (canard) monoplane. On July 25, 1909, he piloted his Blériot XI, a monoplane with a 25-horsepower engine, across the English Channel from Calais, France, to Dover, Eng. This feat won him a prize of £1,000 offered by the London Daily Mail and resulted in his emergence as one of the leading aircraft pilots and manufacturers of the era.

Between July 1909 and the beginning of World War I in August 1914, the Blériot factory produced more than 800 aircraft, many of them Type XI monoplanes (monoplane) or variations of that design. The embryonic air forces of France, Britain, Italy, Austria, and Russia all operated Blériot machines, and flying clubs as far afield as Australia purchased his monoplanes. Blériot aircraft and their pilots dominated the great European air races and competitions of 1910. In July of that year, the Type XI held the world records for speed, altitude, distance, and duration.

Though successful, Blériot airplanes were among the most controversial of the era. A series of crashes resulting from the collapse of the relatively weak monoplane wings led to a temporary ban by the British government. Blériot himself was involved in identifying and remedying the problem. He consolidated his position as a leader of the aviation industry in 1914 by taking over the makers of the famous Spad biplane, which was used extensively by the French, and later American, air forces during World War I. He continued production of commercial aircraft during the postwar years.