intellectual leader who inspired a North Vietnamese variety of the Chinese Hundred Flowers Campaign, in which scholars were permitted to criticize the Communist regime, but for which he himself was ultimately persecuted by the Communist Party of Vietnam.

Phan Khoi was a dedicated nationalist who in his youth followed the patriot Phan Chau Trinh in working for social and political reforms in Vietnam. When Vietnam was divided in 1954, Phan Khoi chose to remain under the Communist government in the north, becoming North Vietnam's most illustrious intellectual. He was the editor of Nhan Van (“Humanism”) and Giai Pham Mua Xuan (“Beautiful Flowers of the Spring”), two radical literary reviews that took advantage of the liberalizing proclamation of Mao Zedong, of China, to offer stringent criticisms of the Hanoi regime. Phan Khoi accused the Communist Party of corruption, attacked alleged anti-intellectualism of the Vietnam People's Army, and voiced other complaints.

“Art is a private sphere,” he wrote, “Politics should not encroach upon it.” The criticisms, however, were more than the government could endure. The liberalization policy ended, and Phan Khoi was imprisoned on charges of “deviationism.”