Boston attended Tennessee State University, where, in addition to the long jump, he excelled in the high and low hurdles, the high jump, and the triple jump. In 1960 Boston set his first world record with a long jump of 8.21 metres (26 feet 11.25 inches), breaking by 8 cm (3 inches) the mark set by Jesse Owens (Owens, Jesse) 25 years earlier. Less than a month later, he won the gold medal at the Olympic Games in Rome. He bettered the world distance twice in 1961, surpassing the 27-foot barrier. The following year Soviet jumper Igor Ter-Ovanesyan set a new world mark, which Boston tied in 1964, with a jump of 8.31 metres (27 feet 3 inches). On May 29, 1965, he made his longest jump, 8.35 metres (27 feet 4.75 inches).

Boston won the silver medal at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo and the bronze medal at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, where teammate Bob Beamon (Beamon, Bob) shattered his world record. After his track career ended, Boston was a television sports commentator, an administrator at the University of Tennessee, and a business executive in Georgia.