English Roman Catholic scholar, controversialist, and historian of the English Reformation.

He was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, at which university he became a lecturer in canon law. He left England shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I in order to be free to practice Roman Catholicism and by 1561 had been ordained priest at Rome. He was one of the theologians for Stanislaus Cardinal Hosius, prince-bishop of Ermeland, one of the five papal legates at the renewed sessions of the Council of Trent. Sanders' immense reputation among the English Roman Catholic exiles in the Low Countries, however, caused the cardinal to allow him to go to Leuven (Louvain), where Sanders became professor of theology and was soon busy controverting the claims of Anglican divines, especially Bishop John Jewel.

Of Sanders' many books, the best known was a history of the English Reformation written in Latin, left unfinished at his death, and published with additions by a fellow exile, Father Edward Rishton, at Cologne in 1585. Many editions and translations followed rapidly; eventually it was put into English by David Lewis as The Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism (1877).

The later part of Sanders' life was occupied in promoting a military invasion of England for the restoration of Roman Catholicism. Lengthy and unsatisfactory negotiations for this purpose in both Rome and Madrid culminated in his landing in Ireland in 1579 as a papal agent to promote rebellion. He failed and died there.