American composer and woodwind improviser, one of the most prolific artists in free jazz.

Braxton, who named John Coltrane (Coltrane, John), Warne Marsh (Marsh, Warne), and Paul Desmond among his inspirations, began playing alto saxophone in his teens and continued to play in a U.S. Army band. In 1966 he joined the groundbreaking free-jazz cooperative Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) and quickly became an original player. A tireless experimenter, he was the first to record an entire album of unaccompanied saxophone solos (For Alto, 1968).

He spent 1969 in France and soon gained an international reputation. He toured and recorded as a soloist on flute, saxophones, and clarinets, as well as with his quartets, which included (in the 1970s) bassist David Holland and trombonist George Lewis, and (in the 1980s) pianist Marilyn Crispell and drummer Gerry Hemingway. He also worked with pianists Dave Brubeck (Brubeck, Dave), Muhal Richard Abrams, and Chick Corea (Corea, Chick); the Globe Unity Orchestra; bop (bebop) musicians; and Europe-based free jazz improvisers.

Braxton also composed, inspired by John Cage (Cage, John), Karlheinz Stockhausen (Stockhausen, Karlheinz), and others; his pieces were written in coloured graphs and usually titled with diagrams. His works included For Two Pianos (1982); Creative Orchestra Music 1976, a major album of big jazz band scores; For Four Orchestras (1978), involving 160 musicians and four conductors; a series of operas titled Trilium; and works for chamber settings, for 100 tubas, and for four amplified shovels and a coal pile. He taught at Mills College in Oakland, California (1985–88), and at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut. In the 1990s Braxton also performed as a pianist. He was awarded a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation fellowship in 1994.