Born to impoverished Italian immigrants, Sarazen began caddying when he was eight. He won the U.S. Open (United States Open Championship) in 1922 and in 1932, also winning the British Open in 1932. He won the Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA) championship three times (1922, 1923, 1933) and the Masters Tournament in 1935. With that victory at the Masters, he became the first player to achieve a career Grand Slam in golf (that is, winning both the U.S. and British Open, the PGA championship, and the Masters Tournament during one's career, a feat only Jack Nicklaus (Nicklaus, Jack), Ben Hogan (Hogan, Ben), Gary Player (Player, Gary), and Tiger Woods (Woods, Tiger) have since achieved). Sarazen also played on six consecutive Ryder Cup teams.

It was Sarazen who invented the golf club known as the sand wedge. This specialized club allows golfers to more easily hit out of sand traps (bunkers). The introduction of the sand wedge to the game lowered scores and eventually led to the redesign of many golf courses in order to keep them at their previous level of difficulty.

After retiring from active competition in 1973, Sarazen worked to promote the game of golf and wrote numerous books on the subject. His autobiography, Thirty Years of Championship Golf, was published in 1950.