town, northeastern Sudan, on the Red Sea coast south of Port Sudan. Originating in the 12th century as a rival port to ʿAydhāb (Aidhab) to the north, where dues were levied on trade, it grew in importance after ʿAydhāb's destruction (about 1428) to become the chief African Red Sea port and a major pilgrimage crossing point on the route to Mecca.

Sawākin began to decline when it was occupied by the Turks in the 16th century. Leased to Egypt in 1821, it remained in Egyptian hands for much of the 19th century. In the 1920s its port was abandoned in favour of the new one at Port Sudan, 36 miles (58 km) to the north. Since then, encroaching coral reefs have impeded harbour activity, but redevelopment of Sawākin as the country's second port has continued. The inner town lies on an island connected by causeway to the residential section and railhead of El Geif on the mainland. Pop. (latest est.) 3,960.