Jesuit missionary and astronomer who became an important adviser to the first emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12).

Schall arrived in China in 1622, having been trained in Rome in the astronomical system of Galileo. He soon impressed the Chinese with the superiority of Western astronomy and was given an important official post translating Western astronomical books and reforming the old Chinese calendar.

When the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) fell and the Manchu forces of Manchuria established the Qing dynasty, Schall was appointed head of the Imperial Board of Astronomy. After curing the empress dowager of a strange illness, Schall became the trusted adviser of the young Shunzhi emperor (reigned 1644–61), who called Schall mafa (“grandfather”). The emperor permitted Schall to build a church in Beijing in 1650 and several times attended services himself.

In 1664, three years after the Shunzhi emperor's early death, an anti-Christian official, aided by disgruntled Chinese astronomers, charged Schall with plotting against the state, citing Jesuit writings that depicted the Chinese as minor descendants of the ancient Hebrews. Schall was also accused of having cast a spell that caused the premature death of Shunzhi. At his trial, Schall, having suffered a stroke, was unable to speak. He was defended by his newly arrived young assistant, Ferdinand Verbiest (Verbiest, Ferdinand) (1623–88), whose Chinese was inadequate for the occasion. Schall and several of his Chinese Christian colleagues were sentenced to death by dismemberment. But shortly after the sentences had been pronounced, an earthquake occurred; as a result of this inauspicious sign, the sentences were commuted, although five Chinese Christian astronomers were executed. Three years after his death, Schall was vindicated of all charges.