medieval papal singing school and associated choir, the ancestor of the modern Sistine Choir. According to tradition, the schola cantorum was established by Pope Sylvester I (d. 335) and was reorganized by Pope Gregory I (Gregory I, Saint) (d. 604), but the first written mention of it dates from the 8th century. The purpose of the schola was to teach both singing techniques and the plainsong repertory, which was then learned by oral tradition. Under Pope Gregory the course of study was said to be nine years. In the gradual standardization of Western church chant, the schola's musicians were a prime influence. Scholae cantorum were also established elsewhere, some becoming major musical centres (e.g., Aix-la-Chapelle 【now Aachen, Ger.】 under Charlemagne).

Schola Cantorum is also the name of the school established in Paris in 1894 by the composer Vincent d'Indy, the choral conductor Charles Bordes, and the organist Alexandre Guilmant. Intended as a centre of church music, it later developed into a general conservatory, although stressing plainsong in its teaching.