German politician and first chairman of the revived Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands; SPD) after World War II.

Schumacher, the son of a merchant, was educated at the universities of Halle, Berlin, and Münster. After serving in World War I in which he lost his right arm, he became political editor in 1920 of the Social Democratic Schwäbische Tagwacht (“Swabian Reveille”). He occupied a state legislative seat in the Württemberg Diet (1924–31) and was a member of the Reichstag (1930–33). After the Nazis came to power in 1933, Schumacher was arrested and spent the next 10 years in concentration camps (concentration camp). Released between March and August 1943 and again in February 1944, he was rearrested after the plot to kill Adolf Hitler (Hitler, Adolf) on July 20, 1944.

He began to reorganize the SPD after the German defeat, and in October 1945 at Hanover he chaired its first open meeting in 12 years. In May 1946 he became chairman of the SPD for the three western zones of Allied-occupied Germany. He sought to broaden the base of his party by appealing to the middle class and the religious, and in the Berlin elections of 1947 the SPD emerged with a higher vote than ever before. His refusal to compromise with the communists, on the other hand, resulted in constant attacks from the Soviet zone. A long illness, culminating in 1948 in the amputation of his left leg, further weakened his attenuated health, and he became increasingly bitter toward his political opponents. In 1949 he became leader of the opposition in the Bundestag (parliament), and thereafter he consistently opposed the Schuman Plan, the customs union between France and the Saar, and German rearmament. He remained deeply committed to German reunification.