city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies on the Rems River, east of Stuttgart and just north of the Swabian Alp. The Roman limes (a defensive line of fortifications against the Germanic tribes) passed over the northern part of the city, where two castles were located. Chartered in 1162 and a free imperial city from 1268 to 1802, it has been noted for precious metalworking since the 14th century. The city is a centre of the jewelry industry and produces other gold- and silver-plated products. Manufactures include motor-vehicle parts, optical and electric products, precision instruments, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Glassware manufacture was introduced after World War II by craftsmen from Jablonec nad Nisou (Gablonz an der Neisse), Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic). Historic landmarks include the late Romanesque Johanneskirche (c. 1230) and the 14th-century Gothic cathedral of the Holy Cross, and there are remains of the old fortifications. The city is the seat of a technical school for precious metalworking. Pop. (2003 est.) 61,492.