Semitic stem variation: Manifestations of the

Proto-Semitic root *ȡa; e33;b b;̣ in three languages

Arabic Hebrew Syriac

basic stem (G) qaba e0d;-a

'(he) seized, took hold of' qå e07;a e63;

'(he) gathered' qə e07;aʕ

'he fastened'

passive-inchoative stem (N) (i)nqaba e0d;-a

'(he) received' niqbə e63;-û

'(they) assembled'

middle voice of G (Gt) (i)qtaba e0d;-a

'(he) took for himself' ʔe e6f;qə e07;aʕ

'(it) was driven in'

"intensive" stem (D) qabba e0d;-a

'(he) handed over' qibbe e63;

'(he) gathered' qabbaʕ

'(he) drove in'

middle voice of D (Dt) taqabba e0d;- b;

'(they) were drawn together' hi e6f;qabbə e63;-&\\#x00fb;

'(they) were gathered together' ʔe e6f;qabbaʕ

'(it) was infixed'

*An asterisk indicates the root has been deduced from attested derivatives.