Camillus celebrated four triumphs and served five times as dictator of Rome. His greatest victory was as dictator in 396 BC, when he conquered the Etruscan city of Veii. He was again appointed dictator in 390, when the Gauls had captured Rome, and he is said to have defeated the invaders. That victory, however, was probably invented to counterbalance Rome's defeat by the Gauls at the Allia River the same year. Thereafter he fought successfully against the Aequi, Volsci, Etruscans, and Gauls.

Although a patrician conscious of his class interest, he introduced pay for the army at the siege of Veii, and, realizing the need to make concessions to the plebeians, he accepted the Licinian–Sextian reform laws in 367. Although Roman writers may have exaggerated his achievements, Camillus clearly played a dominant role in Rome's recovery in the decades after the Gallic sack of the city.