star catalog listing more than 454,000 stars of the 11th magnitude or brighter, between 18° south declination and the south celestial pole. The photographic plates required were made between 1885 and 1890 at Cape Town, South Africa, by the British astronomer Sir David Gill (Gill, Sir David). Jacobus Cornelis Kapteyn (Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius) spent 10 years (1886–96) at Groningen, Netherlands, compiling the catalog from measurements of the positions of the star images on the plates. Kapteyn's work was published in three volumes from 1895 to 1900. A machine-readable version of the catalog has been available since 1984, and it became available in CD-ROM format in 1995.