major port town situated in east-central Tunisia on the northern shore of the Gulf of Gabes (Gabes, Gulf of). The town was built on the site of two small settlements of antiquity, Taparura and Thaenae, and grew as an early Islamic trading centre for nomads. It was temporarily occupied in the 12th century by Sicilian Normans and in the 16th century by the Spanish, and it later served as a stronghold of the Barbary pirates (Barbary pirate). The town was bombarded by the French in 1881 prior to their occupation of Tunisia and again in World War II, when it was used as an Axis base until captured by the British in 1943. Construction of the modern port was begun in 1895, but the port was destroyed—along with a large portion of the town itself—during the war. The subsequent reconstruction left Sfax divided into two parts: the town's newer section and the old city (medina), with its 10th-century mosque and casbah (citadel) surrounded by the original ramparts built in the 9th century.

Now a transportation hub and a market for the phosphates of the Gafsa (Qafṣah) region, with which it is connected by rail, Sfax is one of Tunisia's largest cities, a main outlet for the country's central and southern regions, and a major fishing port with fish canneries. Ferries to the Kerkenah Islands leave from Sfax, and the nearby airport handles some international flights. The University of Sfax (1986) is located in the town. Sfax has become an important commercial and industrial centre, with modern industrial zones and an expanding population. Exports besides phosphates include olive oil, esparto grass, and sponges. The town is surrounded by an important esparto-, vegetable-, and olive-growing region. In the hinterland there are oil fields and oil pipelines. Pop. (2004) 265,131.