a translucent, semiprecious variety of the silica mineral chalcedony that owes its red to reddish brown colour to colloidally dispersed hematite (iron oxide). It is a close relative of sard, differing only in the shade of red. Carnelian was highly valued and used in rings and signets by the Greeks and Romans, some of whose intaglios have retained their high polish better than many harder stones. Carnelian's colour is enhanced by baking and dyeing with iron salts. Chief localities are Ratnapura, India; Campo de Maia, Brazil; and Warwick, Queensland, Australia. Its physical properties are those of quartz. See silica mineral (table).