African-American tenor saxophonist, one of the first improvisers and composers in free jazz, and one of its most eloquent spokesmen.

Shepp grew up in Philadelphia and attended Goddard College (B.A., 1959), Plainfield, Vt. He began his musical career in New York City, where he played tenor sax with Cecil Taylor's quartet (1960–1962), a pioneer free jazz group. Following collaborations with trumpeter Bill Dixon, in 1963 Shepp formed the New York Contemporary Five (with trumpeter Don Cherry, alto saxophonist John Tchicai, and others), which subsequently toured in eastern and western Europe.

Shepp then led his own groups, which included many of the finest young players of the new music. His major work was done in the 1960s, when he formulated a saxophone style featuring a gruff tone, wide vibrato, hearty swing, and eruptions of harsh screams and multiphonics (simultaneously played notes). The traditions of John Coltrane and Ben Webster were important influences on his soloing. Shepp also composed and arranged songs, setting his pieces with provocative dissonances (as in Fire Music, 1965).

Simultaneously Shepp pursued a literary career, composing essays linking free jazz to black militancy; reading his own poetry on recordings; and writing plays, including Junebug Graduates Tonight (1967). He taught African-American studies at the State University of New York at Buffalo (1969–1974) and thereafter at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.