associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1837–65).

After moving from Kentucky to Tennessee in 1812 and serving under General Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812, Catron studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1815. Until 1818 he practiced on a “mountain circuit” in Tennessee and became its prosecuting attorney. He became highly versed in the land law, then the major source of litigation, and built up a lucrative practice in Nashville. In 1824 the state Supreme Court of Last Resort (later called the Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals) was enlarged, and Catron was elected to it by the legislature. In his most famous decision on this court he disbarred a lawyer for duelling and denounced the practice. In 1831, in a judicial reorganization, Catron became Tennessee's first chief justice.

After a new constitution abolished his court in 1834, Catron took up private practice and politics. An ardent supporter of President Andrew Jackson (Jackson, Andrew), Catron directed the Tennessee campaign of Jackson's protégé, Martin Van Buren, in 1836. The day before Jackson's retirement from the presidency, Congress passed an act enlarging the U.S. Supreme Court; and, on his last day in office, Jackson appointed Catron to one of the new vacancies. Although a capable justice, Catron decided no major cases and generally cast his vote with Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, also a Jacksonian politically.

In 1861 he strongly opposed secession and set out on his circuit duties in hopes of both maintaining the authority of the United States and using his influence to prevent his home state from seceding. Such action was too late. He was forced to leave Tennessee for his own safety and was able to hold his Kentucky court during the war only with military assistance.