词条 | chair |
释义 | chair furniture ![]() ![]() In France the square lines of 16th-century chairs gradually gave way to more luxurious padding and carved arms ending in scrolls or animals' heads. During the reign of Louis XIV (Louis XIV style), furniture became grander. Chairbacks became higher and had curved tops, arms were sometimes upholstered, seats were wider, and woodwork was finely carved and gilded or painted. In England the Restoration brought a similar trend toward more luxurious living, but the exuberant styles imported by large numbers of immigrant continental craftsmen had to be modified for English tastes. A finely carved front stretcher became fashionable but was abandoned at the end of the 17th century with the introduction of the cabriole leg (q.v.). ![]() American furniture makers sometimes adapted simplified versions of English styles from the late 17th century. Windsor chairs (Windsor chair) were particularly popular in the late 18th century and were developed to a greater degree than in England. The Neoclassical movement in the 1760s led a return to straight but more delicate lines, with England and France setting the fashion for Europe. Straight tapering and reeded legs and square, oval, or shield-shaped backs were the mode. The most elegant English chairs of the Regency period and French chairs of the Empire period adapted the sabre leg of the Greek klismos. French chairs after the Revolution of 1789 were much simpler and more austere. England and France continued to dominate chair fashions throughout most of the 19th century, but styles were largely adaptations of those of previous eras. After World War I, the architect and designer Marcel Breuer (Breuer, Marcel) developed the first tubular steel chair, a cantilevered form with a frame made from a continuous tubular strip. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's (Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig) Barcelona chair of 1929, with its gently curved steel supports and buttoned leather upholstery, is a modern classic. Le Corbusier (Corbusier, Le), a Swiss-born architect, experimented with laminated bentwood chairs, as did the Finn Alvar Aalto (Aalto, Alvar). Molded forms were extended to entire chairs in both plywood and plastic by the Americans Charles Eames and Ray Eames (Eames, Charles; and Eames, Ray) and the Finn Eero Saarinen (Saarinen, Eero). Among the developments of the late 20th century were the beanbag chair and an inflatable plastic chair. See also ladder-back chair; wainscot chair. Additional Reading Galen Cranz, The Chair: Rethinking Culture, Body, and Design (1998). |
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