borough (town), seat (1784) of Franklin county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the Cumberland Valley, 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Harrisburg. The site was settled in 1730 by Benjamin Chambers, who built sawmills and gristmills and a stockade (Fort Chambers) there for protection against Indians. Laid out in 1764, the name Chambersburg was adopted in 1784. The abolitionist John Brown (Brown, John) maintained his headquarters there while planning his raid in 1859 on Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia) and in late June 1863, General Robert E. Lee (Lee, Robert E.) massed Confederate (American Civil War) troops in Chambersburg for the attack at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Battle of) (26 miles 【42 km】 east-southeast) in July. In July 1864 the Confederates burned the town in retaliation for a Union raid into Virginia after Chambersburg citizens had refused to pay an indemnity of $100,000 in gold.

Situated in a rich farming area (dairy cattle, corn 【maize】, apples, peaches, and vegetables), Chambersburg also has diversified manufactures, including carpets, rubber, shoes, electronics, crystals, manganese steel, glass, paper products, and clothing. Wilson College was established there in 1869. The Letterkenny Army Depot and Caledonia State Park are nearby. The log cabin in which President James Buchanan (Buchanan, James) was born is near Mercersburg, 15 miles (24 km) southwest. Inc. 1803. Pop. (1990) 16,647; (2000) 17,862.