group of pluralist, essentially formalist American literary critics—including Richard McKeon, Elder Olson (Olson, Elder), Ronald Salmon Crane (Crane, R.S.), Bernard Weinberg, and Norman Maclean—who exerted a significant influence on the development of American criticism during the second half of the 20th century.

The group's members, associated from the 1940s with the University of Chicago (Chicago, University of), often were called “Aristotelian,” or, more accurately, “Neo-Aristotelian,” because of their concern with form and genre. Their approach emphasized an evaluation of the author's solutions to specific problems in the construction of a text. One of the most complete discussions of the Chicago critics is found in Critics and Criticism: Ancient and Modern (1952), edited by Crane. A full exposition of the theoretical basis of the group's method is to be found in Crane's study The Languages of Criticism and the Structure of Poetry (1953). Wayne C. Booth (Booth, Wayne C.), one of the second-generation Chicago critics, applied the group's principles to fiction in The Rhetoric of Fiction (1961) and expanded its theories in later works, moving from poetics to rhetoric.