professor and Dutch colonial official, a pioneer in the scientific study of Islām.

While serving as a lecturer at the University of Leiden (1880–89), Snouck Hurgronje visited Arabia (1884–85), stopping at Mecca. His classic work Mekka, 2 vol. (1888–89), reconstructs the history of the holy city and sheds light on the origins of Islām, early traditions and practices, and the first Islāmic communities. The second volume, translated into English as Mekka in the Latter Part of the 19th Century (1931), contains many details of daily life in Islāmic culture and deals with the Indonesian Muslim colony at Mecca.

From 1890 to 1906 Snouck Hurgronje was professor of Arabic at Batavia, Java, and, as a government adviser, he originated and developed a Dutch colonial policy toward Islām that prevailed until the termination of Dutch rule in Indonesia in 1942. Though he was tolerant of Islāmic religious life, his policy as a colonial official was to repress Islāmic political agitation. His De Atjèhers, 2 vol. (1893–94; The Achenese), an ethnographic account of the people of northern Sumatra, became a standard reference work.

Though Snouck Hurgronje remained a colonial adviser until 1933, he returned in 1906 to The Netherlands, where he was professor of Arabic and Islāmic institutions at the University of Leiden until his death. He wrote extensively on a number of Islāmic topics. Georges-Henri Bosquet and J. Schacht edited Selected Works of C. Snouck Hurgronje (1957).