city, western Salamanca provincia (province), in southwestern Castile-León comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), near the Portuguese border in western Spain. Named for Count Rodrigo González, who founded it in 1150, the city, situated on a rise above the Agueda River, was fortified and became a bishopric under Ferdinand II of León. In the Peninsular War it was besieged and captured by the French (1810) and later retaken by the British and Spanish guerrillas under Wellington (1812).

The whole urban area within the medieval walls has been declared a historic-artistic monument. Much of the architecture is in the richly ornate Plateresque, or Spanish Renaissance, style. Outstanding landmarks include a Roman bridge spanning the river, the 12th-century cathedral (completed 14th century; restored 1538), and the medieval castle (1382). It is a trade centre for the surrounding agricultural region, where pigs and fighting bulls are bred. Tourism is also economically important. Some of Ciudad Rodrigo's economic activities are integrated with those of nearby communities in Portugal. Pop. (2007 est.) mun., 13,922.