Modern coelacanths are deep-sea fishes of the family Latimeriidae. The name refers to their hollow fin spines (Greek: koilos, “hollow”; akantha, “spine”). The modern coelacanths are bigger than most fossil coelacanths and are powerful predators with heavy, mucilaginous bodies and highly mobile, limblike fins. They average 5 feet (1.5 m) in length and weigh about 100 pounds (45 kg). They are live-bearers that give birth to well-developed young.

Coelacanths appeared about 350 million years ago and were abundant over much of the world; the genus Coelacanthus has been found as fossils in rocks from the end of the Permian, 245 million years ago, to the end of the Jurassic, 144 million years ago. Coelacanthus, like other coelacanths, showed a reduction in bone ossification and a general trend toward a marine mode of life away from the earlier freshwater environment.

It was long supposed that coelacanths became extinct about 80 million years ago, but in 1938 a living member (Latimeria chalumnae) was netted in the Indian Ocean near the southern coast of Africa. Rewards were offered for more specimens, and in 1952 a second (named Malania anjouanae but not separable from Latimeria) was obtained from near the Comoros Islands. Numerous others have been caught in that area. It was later discovered that these fishes were well known to the islanders, who considered the flesh edible when dried and salted; the rough scales were used as an abrasive. A second species of Latimeria was discovered in Indonesia in 1998. It has been named L. menadoensis for the island of Manado Tua from which it was collected.